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André-Marie Ampère (20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836) was a French physicist and mathematician who is generally regarded as one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism. The SI unit of measurement of electric current, the ampere, is named after him.

Early days

Ampère was born in Lyon, France on 20 January 1775. He spent his childhood and adolescence at the family property at Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'Or near Lyon. His father began to teach him Latin, until he discovered the boy's preference and aptitude for mathematical studies. The young Ampère, however, soon resumed his Latin lessons, to enable him to master the works of Euler and Bernoulli. In later life Ampère claimed that he knew as much about mathematics and science when he was eighteen as ever he knew; but, a polymath, his reading embraced history, travels, poetry, philosophy, and the natural sciences.

During the French Revolution, Ampere's father stayed at Lyon expecting to be safer there. Nevertheless, after the revolutionaries had taken the city he was captured and executed. This death was a great shock to Ampère.

In 1796 Ampère met Julie Carron, and in 1799 they were married. From about 1796, Ampère gave private lessons at Lyon in mathematics, chemistry, and languages. In 1801 he moved to Bourg-en-Bresse, as professor of physics and chemistry, leaving his ailing wife and his infant son (Jean-Jacques Ampère) at Lyon. Her death, in July 1803, troubled Ampère for the rest of his life. Also in 1804, Ampère was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Lyon.

Ampère claimed that "at eighteen years he found three culminating points in his life, his First Communion, the reading of Antoine Leonard Thomas's "Eulogy of Descartes", and the Taking of the Bastille. On the day of his wife's death he wrote two verses from the Psalms, and the prayer, 'O Lord, God of Mercy, unite me in Heaven with those whom you have permitted me to love on earth.' Serious doubts harassed him at times, and made him very unhappy. Then he would take refuge in the reading of the Bible and the Fathers of the Church."

For a time he took into his family the young student Antoine-Frédéric Ozanam (1813–1853), one of the founders of the Conference of Charity, later known as the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul. Through Ampère, Ozanam had contact with leaders of the neo-Catholic movement, such as François-René de Chateaubriand, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire, and Charles Forbes René de Montalembert. Ozanam was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1997.

Physics and further studies

Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre's recommendation obtained for Ampère the Lyon appointment, and afterwards (1805) a minor position in the polytechnic school at Paris, where he was appointed professor of mathematics in 1809. Here Ampère continued to pursue his scientific research and his diverse studies with unabated diligence. He was admitted as a member of the Institute in 1814.

Ampère's fame mainly rests on his establishing the relations between electricity and magnetism, and in developing the science of electromagnetism, or, as he called it, electrodynamics. On 11 September 1820 he heard of H. C. Ørsted's discovery that a magnetic needle is acted on by a voltaic current. Only a week later, on 18 September, Ampère presented a paper to the Academy containing a much more complete exposition of that and kindred phenomena. On the same day, Ampère also demonstrated before the Academy that parallel wires carrying currents attract or repel each other, depending on whether currents are in the same (attraction) or in opposite directions (repulsion). This laid the foundation of electrodynamics.

The topic of electromagnetism thus begun, Ampère developed a mathematical theory which not only described the electromagnetic phenomena already observed, but also predicted many new ones.

In 1827 he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society and in 1828, a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science.

Writings

• Considerations sur la théorie mathématique du jeu, Perisse, Lyon Paris 1802, online lesen im Internet-Archiv
• André-Marie Ampère: Recueil d'observations électro-dynamiques. contenant divers mémoires, notices, extraits de lettres ou d'ouvrages périodiques sur les sciences, relatifs a l'action mutuelle de deux courans électriques, à celle qui existe entre un courant électrique et un aimant ou le globe terrestre, et à celle de deux aimans l'un sur l'autre Chez Crochard, 1822 (read online at Google Books; as at: 2010-9-26). 
• André-Marie Ampère, Babinet (Jacques, M.): Exposé des nouvelles découvertes sur l'électricité et le magneétisme. Chez Méquignon-Marvis, 1822 (read online at Google Books; as at: 2010-9-26). 
• André-Marie Ampère: Description d'un appareil électro-dynamique. Chez Crochard … et Bachelie, 1824 (read online at Google Books; as at: 2010-9-26). 
• André-Marie Ampère: Théorie des phénomènes électro-dynamiques, uniquement déduite de l'expérience. Méquignon-Marvis, 1826 (read online at Google Books; as at: 2010-9-26). 
  • André-Marie Ampère: Théorie mathématique des phénomènes électro-dynamiques: uniquement déduite de l'expérience. A. Hermann, 1883 (Neuauflage) (online lesen im Internet-Archiv; as at: 2010-9-26). 
• André-Marie Ampère: Essai sur la philosophie des sciences, ou, Exposition analytique d'une classification naturelle de toutes les connaissances humaines. Chez Bachelier, 1834 (read online at Google Books; as at: 2010-9-26). 
  • André-Marie Ampère: Essai sur la philosophie des sciences. Bd. 1, Chez Bachelier, 1834 (read online at Google Books; as at: 2010-9-26). 
  • André-Marie Ampère: Essai sur la philosophie des sciences. Bd. 2, Bachelier, 1843 (read online at Google Books; as at: 2010-9-26). 

Last years

Grave of Ampère and his son

Ampère died at Marseille and was buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre, Paris. The great amiability and childlike simplicity of his character are well brought out in his Journal et correspondence (Paris, 1872).

Ampère's final work, published posthumously, was Essai sur la philosophie des sciences, ou exposition analytique d'une classification naturelle de toutes les connaissances humaines ("Essay on the philosophy of science or analytical exposition on the natural classification of human knowledge").

References

Williams, L. Pearce (1970). "Ampère, André-Marie". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 139–147. ISBN 0-684-10114-9. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: André-Marie Ampère

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Ampère, André Marie.

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: André-Marie Ampère

• Ampère and the history of electricity - a French-language, edited by CNRS, site with Ampère's correspondence (full text and critical edition with links to manuscripts pictures, more than 1000 letters), an Ampère bibliography, experiments, and 3D simulations
• Ampère Museum - a French-language site from the museum in Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'or, near Lyon, France
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "André-Marie Ampère", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ampere.html .
• Weisstein, Eric W., Ampère, André (1775-1836) from ScienceWorld.
• Catholic Encyclopedia on André Marie Ampère

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
• André-Marie Ampère: The Founder of Electromagnetism - Background information and related experiments